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Jaffna kingdom
The Jaffna kingdom ((タミル語:யாழ்ப்பாண அரசு)) (1215-1624 CE), also known as Kingdom of Aryacakravarti, of modern northern Sri Lanka was a historic monarchy that came into existence around the town of Jaffna on the Jaffna peninsula after the invasion of Magha, who is identified as the founder of the Jaffna kingdom and is said to have been from Kalinga, in India.〔〔Nadarajan , V ''History of Ceylon Tamils'', p.72〕〔Indrapala, K ''Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon'', p.16〕〔 Established as a powerful force in the north, north east and west of the island, it eventually became a tribute paying feudatory of the Pandyan Empire in modern South India in 1258, gaining independence in 1323 with the fragmentation of the Pandyan control 〔〔 when the last Pandyan ruler of Madurai was defeated and expelled in 1323 by Malik Kafur, the army general of the Muslim empire Delhi Sultanate.〔(The History of Sri Lanka ) By Patrick Peebles page 31〕 For a brief period, in the early to mid-14th century, it was an ascendant power in the island of Sri Lanka when all regional kingdoms accepted subordination. However, the kingdom was eventually overpowered by the rival Kotte Kingdom, around 1450 when it was invaded by Prince Sapumal under the Kotte Kingdoms directive.〔
It was freed of Kotte control in 1467;〔 its subsequent rulers directed their energies towards consolidating its economic potential by maximising revenue from pearls and elephant exports and land revenue.〔〔 It was less feudal than most of the other regional kingdoms on the island of Sri Lanka of the same period.〔 During this period, important local Tamil literature was produced and Hindu temples were built including an academy for language advancement.〔〔〔
The arrival of the Portuguese colonial power to the island of Sri Lanka in 1505, and its strategic location in the Palk Strait connecting all interior Sinhalese kingdoms to South India, created political problems. Many of its kings confronted and ultimately made peace with the Portuguese colonials. In 1617, Cankili II, an usurper to the throne, confronted the Portuguese but was defeated, thus bringing the kingdom’s independent existence to an end in 1619.〔〔Gnanaprakasar, S ''A critical history of Jaffna'', p.153-172〕 Although rebels like Migapulle Arachchi with help of Thanjavur Nayak kingdom tried to recover the kingdom, they were eventually defeated.〔An historical relation of the island Ceylon, Volume 1, by Robert Knox and JHO Paulusz, pp.19-47.〕〔An historical relation of the island Ceylon, Volume 1, by Robert Knox and JHO Paulusz, p.43.〕〔 Nallur, a suburb of Jaffna town, served as its capital.
==History==
(詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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